/etc/postfix/main.cf.
mail.falcot.com. To jedyne pytanie zadane domyślnie, ale konfiguracja uzyskana po odpowiedzi na nie nie byłaby wystarczająca dla potrzeb Falconu, dlatego też administratorzy uruchamiają dpkg-reconfigure postfix, aby móc dostosować więcej parametrów.
localhost, ale główna domena falcot.com musi zostać dodana ręcznie. Mówiąc bardziej ogólnikowo, w odpowiedzi na pytanie należy najczęściej wpisać wszystkie nazwy domenowe, dla których maszyna ma służyć jako serwer wymiany poczty elektronicznej; innymi słowy, wszystkie nazwy domenowe, dla których DNS zgłasza gotowość do przyjmowania poczty. Informacja ta wyląduje w zmiennej mydestination głównego pliku konfiguracyjnego Postfix — /etc/postfix/main.cf.
192.168.0.0./16 do domyślnej odpowiedzi. Jeżeli nie zostanie wpisana własna odpowiedź, domyślnie odpowiednia zmienna w pliku konfiguracyjnym przyjmie wartość mynetworks, co widać w przykładzie poniżej.
procmail. Narzędzie to pozwala użytkownikom sortować ich pocztę przychodzącą zgodnie z regułami przechowywanymi w pliku ~/.procmailrc.
Przykład 11.1. Początkowa wersja pliku /etc/postfix/main.cf
# See /usr/share/postfix/main.cf.dist for a commented, more complete version
# Debian specific: Specifying a file name will cause the first
# line of that file to be used as the name. The Debian default
# is /etc/mailname.
#myorigin = /etc/mailname
smtpd_banner = $myhostname ESMTP $mail_name (Debian/GNU)
biff = no
# appending .domain is the MUA's job.
append_dot_mydomain = no
# Uncomment the next line to generate "delayed mail" warnings
#delay_warning_time = 4h
readme_directory = no
# TLS parameters
smtpd_tls_cert_file=/etc/ssl/certs/ssl-cert-snakeoil.pem
smtpd_tls_key_file=/etc/ssl/private/ssl-cert-snakeoil.key
smtpd_use_tls=yes
smtpd_tls_session_cache_database = btree:${data_directory}/smtpd_scache
smtp_tls_session_cache_database = btree:${data_directory}/smtp_scache
# See /usr/share/doc/postfix/TLS_README.gz in the postfix-doc package for
# information on enabling SSL in the smtp client.
smtpd_relay_restrictions = permit_mynetworks permit_sasl_authenticated defer_unauth_destination
myhostname = mail.falcot.com
alias_maps = hash:/etc/aliases
alias_database = hash:/etc/aliases
myorigin = /etc/mailname
mydestination = mail.falcot.com, falcot.com, localhost.localdomain, localhost
relayhost =
mynetworks = 127.0.0.0/8 [::ffff:127.0.0.0]/104 [::1]/128 192.168.0.0/16
mailbox_command = procmail -a "$EXTENSION"
mailbox_size_limit = 0
recipient_delimiter = +
inet_interfaces = all
inet_protocols = all
virtual_alias_domains variable, and referencing an address mapping file in the virtual_alias_maps variable.
Przykład 11.2. Directives to add in the /etc/postfix/main.cf file
virtual_alias_domains = falcotsbrand.com virtual_alias_maps = hash:/etc/postfix/virtual
/etc/postfix/virtual file describes a mapping with a rather straightforward syntax: each line contains two fields separated by whitespace; the first field is the alias name, the second field is a list of email addresses where it redirects. The special @domain.com syntax covers all remaining aliases in a domain.
Przykład 11.3. Example /etc/postfix/virtual file
webmaster@falcotsbrand.com jean@falcot.com contact@falcotsbrand.com laure@falcot.com, sophie@falcot.com # The alias below is generic and covers all addresses within # the falcotsbrand.com domain not otherwise covered by this file. # These addresses forward email to the same user name in the # falcot.com domain. @falcotsbrand.com @falcot.com
virtual_mailbox_domains variable, and referencing a mailbox mapping file in virtual_mailbox_maps. The virtual_mailbox_base parameter contains the directory under which the mailboxes will be stored.
virtual_uid_maps parameter (respectively virtual_gid_maps) references the file containing the mapping between the email address and the system user (respectively group) that “owns” the corresponding mailbox. To get all mailboxes owned by the same owner/group, the static:5000 syntax assigns a fixed UID/GID (of value 5000 here).
Przykład 11.4. Directives to add in the /etc/postfix/main.cf file
virtual_mailbox_domains = falcot.org virtual_mailbox_maps = hash:/etc/postfix/vmailbox virtual_mailbox_base = /var/mail/vhosts
/etc/postfix/vmailbox file is quite straightforward: two fields separated with whitespace. The first field is an email address within one of the virtual domains, and the second field is the location of the associated mailbox (relative to the directory specified in virtual_mailbox_base). If the mailbox name ends with a slash (/), the emails will be stored in the maildir format; otherwise, the traditional mbox format will be used. The maildir format uses a whole directory to store a mailbox, each individual message being stored in a separate file. In the mbox format, on the other hand, the whole mailbox is stored in one file, and each line starting with “From ” (From followed by a space) signals the start of a new message.
Przykład 11.5. The /etc/postfix/vmailbox file
# Jean's email is stored as maildir, with # one file per email in a dedicated directory jean@falcot.org falcot.org/jean/ # Sophie's email is stored in a traditional "mbox" file, # with all mails concatenated into one single file sophie@falcot.org falcot.org/sophie
smtpd_client_restrictions directive controls which machines are allowed to communicate with the email server.
Przykład 11.6. Restrictions Based on Client Address
smtpd_client_restrictions = permit_mynetworks,
warn_if_reject reject_unknown_client,
check_client_access hash:/etc/postfix/access_clientip,
reject_rbl_client sbl-xbl.spamhaus.org,
reject_rbl_client list.dsbl.org
permit_mynetworks directive, used as the first rule, accepts all emails coming from a machine in the local network (as defined by the mynetworks configuration variable).
warn_if_reject modifier to the reject_unknown_client directive: this modifier turns the rejection into a simple warning recorded in the logs. The administrators can then keep an eye on the number of messages that would be rejected if the rule were actually enforced, and make an informed decision later if they wish to enable such enforcement.
/etc/postfix/access_clientip file. Servers in the whitelist are considered as trusted, and the emails coming from there therefore do not go through the following filtering rules.
HELO (or EHLO) command, followed by the name of the sending email server; checking the validity of this name can be interesting.
Przykład 11.7. Restrictions on the name announced in EHLO
smtpd_helo_restrictions = permit_mynetworks,
reject_invalid_hostname,
check_helo_access hash:/etc/postfix/access_helo,
reject_non_fqdn_hostname,
warn_if_reject reject_unknown_hostname
permit_mynetworks directive allows all machines on the local network to introduce themselves freely. This is important, because some email programs do not respect this part of the SMTP protocol adequately enough, and they can introduce themselves with nonsensical names.
reject_invalid_hostname rule rejects emails when the EHLO announce lists a syntactically incorrect hostname. The reject_non_fqdn_hostname rule rejects messages when the announced hostname is not a fully-qualified domain name (including a domain name as well as a host name). The reject_unknown_hostname rule rejects messages if the announced name does not exist in the DNS. Since this last rule unfortunately leads to too many rejections, the administrators turned its effect to a simple warning with the warn_if_reject modifier as a first step; they may decide to remove this modifier at a later stage, after auditing the results of this rule.
permit_mynetworks as the first rule has an interesting side effect: the following rules only apply to hosts outside the local network. This allows blacklisting all hosts that announce themselves as part of the falcot.com, for instance by adding a falcot.com REJECT You are not in our network! line to the /etc/postfix/access_helo file.
MAIL FROM command of the SMTP protocol; again, this information can be validated in several different ways.
Przykład 11.8. Sender checks
smtpd_sender_restrictions =
check_sender_access hash:/etc/postfix/access_sender,
reject_unknown_sender_domain, reject_unlisted_sender,
reject_non_fqdn_sender
/etc/postfix/access_sender table maps some special treatment to some senders. This usually means listing some senders into a white list or a black list.
reject_unknown_sender_domain rule requires a valid sender domain, since it is needed for a valid address. The reject_unlisted_sender rule rejects local senders if the address does not exist; this prevents emails from being sent from an invalid address in the falcot.com domain, and messages emanating from joe.bloggs@falcot.com are only accepted if such an address really exists.
reject_non_fqdn_sender rule rejects emails purporting to come from addresses without a fully-qualified domain name. In practice, this means rejecting emails coming from user@machine: the address must be announced as either user@machine.example.com or user@example.com.
RCPT TO command in the SMTP protocol. These addresses also warrant validation, even if that may be less relevant than the checks made on the sender address.
Przykład 11.9. Recipient checks
smtpd_recipient_restrictions = permit_mynetworks,
reject_unauth_destination, reject_unlisted_recipient,
reject_non_fqdn_recipient
reject_unauth_destination is the basic rule that requires outside messages to be addressed to us; messages sent to an address not served by this server are rejected. Without this rule, a server becomes an open relay that allows spammers to send unsolicited emails; this rule is therefore mandatory, and it will be best included near the beginning of the list, so that no other rules may authorize the message before its destination has been checked.
reject_unlisted_recipient rule rejects messages sent to non-existing local users, which makes sense. Finally, the reject_non_fqdn_recipient rule rejects non-fully-qualified addresses; this makes it impossible to send an email to jean or jean@machine, and requires using the full address instead, such as jean@machine.falcot.com or jean@falcot.com.
DATA command of SMTP is emitted before the contents of the message. It doesn't provide any information per se, apart from announcing what comes next. It can still be subjected to checks.
reject_unauth_pipelining directives causes the message to be rejected if the sending party sends a command before the reply to the previous command has been sent. This guards against a common optimization used by spammer robots, since they usually don't care a fig about replies and only focus on sending as many emails as possible in as short a time as possible.
RCPT TO command.
EHLO command, Postfix knows the sender and the recipient when announcing the rejection. It can then log a more explicit message than it could if the transaction had been interrupted from the start. In addition, a number of SMTP clients do not expect failures on the early SMTP commands, and these clients will be less disturbed by this late rejection.
Przykład 11.11. Enabling content-based filters
header_checks = regexp:/etc/postfix/header_checks body_checks = regexp:/etc/postfix/body_checks
Przykład 11.12. Example /etc/postfix/header_checks file
/^X-Mailer: GOTO Sarbacane/ REJECT I fight spam (GOTO Sarbacane) /^Subject: *Your email contains VIRUSES/ DISCARD virus notification
GOTO Sarbacane (a bulk email software) is found, the message is rejected. The second expression controls the message subject; if it mentions a virus notification, we can decide not to reject the message but to discard it immediately instead.
check_policy_service parameter as an extra restriction:
smtpd_recipient_restrictions = permit_mynetworks,
[...]
check_policy_service inet:127.0.0.1:10023
postgrey daemon and send it information concerning the relevant message. On its side, Postgrey considers the IP address/sender/recipient triplet and checks in its database whether that same triplet has been seen recently. If so, Postgrey replies that the message should be accepted; if not, the reply indicates that the message should be temporarily rejected, and the triplet gets recorded in the database.
smtpd_restriction_classes parameter, and defined the same way as smtpd_recipient_restrictions. The check_recipient_access directive then defines a table mapping a given recipient to the appropriate set of restrictions.
Przykład 11.13. Defining restriction classes in main.cf
smtpd_restriction_classes = greylisting, aggressive, permissive
greylisting = check_policy_service inet:127.0.0.1:10023
aggressive = reject_rbl_client sbl-xbl.spamhaus.org,
check_policy_service inet:127.0.0.1:10023
permissive = permit
smtpd_recipient_restrictions = permit_mynetworks,
reject_unauth_destination,
check_recipient_access hash:/etc/postfix/recipient_access
Przykład 11.14. The /etc/postfix/recipient_access file
# Unfiltered addresses postmaster@falcot.com permissive support@falcot.com permissive sales-asia@falcot.com permissive # Aggressive filtering for some privileged users joe@falcot.com aggressive # Special rule for the mailing-list manager sympa@falcot.com reject_unverified_sender # Greylisting by default falcot.com greylisting
clamav for their free antivirus. The main package is clamav, but they also installed a few extra packages such as arj, unzoo, unrar and lha, since they are required for the antivirus to analyze attachments archived in one of these formats.
clamav-milter. A milter (short for mail filter) is a filtering program specially designed to interface with email servers. A milter uses a standard application programming interface (API) that provides much better performance than filters external to the email servers. Milters were initially introduced by Sendmail, but Postfix soon followed suit.
dpkg-reconfigure clamav-milter. When prompted for the “Communication interface with Sendmail”, answer “inet:10002@127.0.0.1”.
dpkg-reconfigure clamav-base.
/etc/postfix/main.cf:
# Virus check with clamav-milter smtpd_milters = inet:[127.0.0.1]:10002
service postfix reload should be run so that this change is taken into account.
saslpasswd2 command, which takes several parameters. The -u option defines the authentication domain, which must match the smtpd_sasl_local_domain parameter in the Postfix configuration. The -c option allows creating a user, and -f allows specifying the file to use if the SASL database needs to be stored at a different location than the default (/etc/sasldb2).
#saslpasswd2 -u `postconf -h myhostname` -f /var/spool/postfix/etc/sasldb2 -c jean[... type jean's password twice ...]
/etc/sasldb2 into a symbolic link pointing at the database used by Postfix, with the ln -sf /var/spool/postfix/etc/sasldb2 /etc/sasldb2 command.
postfix user needs to be added to the sasl group, so that it can access the SASL account database. A few new parameters are also needed to enable SASL, and the smtpd_recipient_restrictions parameter needs to be configured to allow SASL-authenticated clients to send emails freely.
Przykład 11.15. Enabling SASL in /etc/postfix/main.cf
# Enable SASL authentication
smtpd_sasl_auth_enable = yes
# Define the SASL authentication domain to use
smtpd_sasl_local_domain = $myhostname
[...]
# Adding permit_sasl_authenticated before reject_unauth_destination
# allows relaying mail sent by SASL-authenticated users
smtpd_recipient_restrictions = permit_mynetworks,
permit_sasl_authenticated,
reject_unauth_destination,
[...]