این فصل به بررسی ساختار و محتوای بسته‌های “binary” و “source” می‌پردازد. اولی شامل فایل‌های .deb است که به صورت مستقیم توسط dpkg استفاده می‌شود و دومی شامل سورس کد و دستورالعمل‌هایی است که برای ساخت بسته‌های باینری لازم می‌باشند.
5.1. ساختار یک بسته باینری
The Debian package format is designed so that its content may be extracted on any Unix system that has the classic commands ar, tar, and xz (sometimes gzip or bzip2). This seemingly trivial property is important for portability and disaster recovery.
Imagine, for example, that you mistakenly deleted the
dpkg program, and that you could thus no longer install Debian packages.
dpkg being a Debian package itself, it would seem your system would be done for... Fortunately, you know the format of a package and can therefore download the
.deb file of the
dpkg package and install it manually (see sidebar
ابزار dpkg، APT و ar). If by some misfortune one or more of the programs
ar,
tar or
gzip/
xz/
bzip2 have disappeared, you will only need to copy the missing program from another system (since each of these operates in a completely autonomous manner, without dependencies, a simple copy will suffice). If your system suffered some even more outrageous fortune, and even these don't work (maybe the deepest system libraries are missing?), you should try the static version of
busybox (provided in the
busybox-static package), which is even more self-contained, and provides subcommands such as
busybox ar,
busybox tar and
busybox xz.
بیایید نگاهی به محتوای درون فایل .deb بیندازیم:
$ ar t dpkg_1.18.24_amd64.deb
debian-binary
control.tar.gz
data.tar.xz
$ ar x dpkg_1.18.24_amd64.deb
$ ls
control.tar.gz data.tar.xz debian-binary dpkg_1.18.24_amd64.deb
$ tar tJf data.tar.xz | head -n 15
./
./etc/
./etc/alternatives/
./etc/alternatives/README
./etc/cron.daily/
./etc/cron.daily/dpkg
./etc/dpkg/
./etc/dpkg/dpkg.cfg
./etc/dpkg/dpkg.cfg.d/
./etc/logrotate.d/
./etc/logrotate.d/dpkg
./sbin/
./sbin/start-stop-daemon
./usr/
./usr/bin/
$ tar tzf control.tar.gz
./
./conffiles
./postinst
./md5sums
./prerm
./control
./postrm
$ cat debian-binary
2.0
همانطور که مشاهده می‌کنید، آرشیو ar یک بسته دبیان از سه فایل تشکیل شده است:
debian-binary. This is a text file which simply indicates the version of the .deb file used (in 2017: version 2.0).
control.tar.gz. این فایل آرشیو شامل تمام اطلاعات جانبی مربوط به بسته است، مانند نام و نسخه آن. برخی از این اطلاعات به ابزار مدیریت بسته امکان تشخیص قابل نصب یا حذف بودن بسته را می‌دهد، برای نمونه بر اساس فهرست بسته‌های موجود در سیستم.
data.tar.xz. This archive contains all of the files to be extracted from the package; this is where the executable files, documentation, etc., are all stored. Some packages may use other compression formats, in which case the file will be named differently (data.tar.bz2 for bzip2, data.tar.gz for gzip).
